Table of Contents Sentences Guide to Imitated Pronunciation Grammar Points: •  The Mutations •  The Definite Article: The •  The Possessive Pronouns •  The Preposition ar •  Identification Sentences •  Present Tense •  Perfect Tense •  Simple Past Tense •  Past Continuous Tense •  Future Continuous Tense •  Simple Future Tense •  South and North Wales Guide to Imitated Pronunciation a is the a as in father ai is the ai as in aisle ay is a long e, as in day ee is a long e, as in feet eh is e as in pet i is the i as in bit oo is a long u, as in fool oy is in the oy as in boy uh is like the -er in father (but without the r sound at the end) dh is the th as in then kh is the guttural sound at the end of loch or Bach lh is a voiceless, breathy l mh is a voiceless, breathy m ng is the sound of ng in singer ngh is a voiceless, breathy ng sound nh is a voiceless, breathy n rh is a voiceless, breathy r sh is the sh as in shop th is the th as in thick Grammar Points The Soft, Aspirate and Nasal Mutations The Soft Mutation The letters b, c, d, g, ll, m, p, rh and t are affected by the soft mutation. Examples of the soft mutation are: ci to gi (dog), plant to blant (children), tŷ to dŷ (house), gardd to ardd (garden), blodyn to flodyn (flower), dillad to ddillad (clothes), llyfr to lyfr (book), mam to fam (mother) and rhieni to rieni (parents). Some examples of words that cause the soft mutation are: ar (on), dau and dwy (two), dyma (his), ei (his), fe and mi + verb (affirmative particle), gan (with or by), i (to), 'na or dyna (how), neu (or) and o (of or from). For example: ar gau (from ar + cau) ar gai closed dau lyfr (from dau + llyfr) dai luh-ver two books dyma botel (from dyma + potel) duh-ma bo-tel here is a bottle ei ddillad (from ei + dillad) ee dhi-lhad his clothes fe bryna i (from fe + pryna i) veh bruh-na ee I will buy (colloquial) gan gynnwys (from gan + cynnwys) gan guhn-wis including i Gymru (from i + Cymru) ee guhm-ree to Wales 'na bert! (from 'na + pert) na bert! how pretty! te neu goffi (from neu + coffi) tay nuh-ee go-fee tea or coffee o Loegr (from o + Lloegr) o loy-gir from England Special note: un (one) for feminine words, y (the) for singular feminine words and yn (complement marker for a noun/adjective) cause the soft mutation. However, they do not affect the letters ll or rh. For example: gan lygoden (by a mouse) but y llygoden (the mouse) or o restr (from a list) but y rhestr (the list). For example: un fuwch (from un + buwch) een vee-ookh one cow yr ardd (from y + gardd) uhr ardh the garden Special note: y becomes yr before a vowel (Mae'r ci) yn fawr. (from yn + mawr) (Mai'r kee) uhn va-oor. (The dog is) big. Special note: the adjective braf never changes and remains yn braf A word that immediately follows the subject of a sentence takes the soft mutation. For example: Brynaist ti fara? (from ti + bara) Bruh-nest tee va-ra? Did you buy some bread? An adjective that follows a singular feminine noun also takes the soft mutation. However, if an adjective appears before any noun, it causes that noun to take the soft mutation. For example: cacen flasus (from cacen + blasus) ka-ken vla-sis delicious cake Special note: Remember that the adjective does not take the soft mutation after a plural feminine noun cacennau blasus (delicious cakes) fy hoff fwyd (from hoff + bwyd) vuh hoff voo-id my favorite food When two nouns form a compound word, the second noun takes the soft mutation. For example: côt law (from côt + glaw) kot la-oo raincoat pêl-droed (from pêl + troed) pehl droyd football The Aspirate Mutation The letters c, p and t are affected by the aspirate mutation. Examples of the aspirate mutation are: ci to chi (dog), plant to phlant (children) and tŷ to thŷ (house. Some examples of words that cause the aspirate mutation are: a (and), â (with), chwe (six), ei (her), gyda (with) and tri (three). For example: cathod a chŵn (from cathod + a + cŵn) ka-thod a khoon cats and dogs Special note: Before a vowel, a changes to ac (pronounced ag). â phensil (from â + pensil) a fen-sil with a pencil Special note: Before a vowel, â changes to ag (pronounced ag). chwe char (from chwe + car) khweh khar six cars ei phlant (from ei + plant) ee flant her children gyda thiced (from gyda + ticed) guh-da thi-ked with a ticket Special note: Before a vowel, gyda changes to gydag (pronounced guh-dag). tri thŷ (from tri + tŷ) tree thee three houses Special note: Before a feminine noun, tri changes to tair (pronounced tair). tair chadair (from tair + cadair) tair kha-der three chairs The Nasal Mutation The letters b, c, d, g, p and t are affected by the nasal mutation. Examples of the nasal mutation are: blodyn to mlodyn (flower), ci to nghi (dog), dillad to nillad (clothes), gardd to ngardd (garden), plant to mhlant (children) and tŷ to nhŷ (house). Some examples of words that cause the nasal mutation are: fy (my) and yn (in or at). For example: fy nillad (from fy + dillad) vuh ni-lhad my clothes yn nhŷ (from yn + tŷ) yng nhee in a house yng Nghymru (from yn + Cymru) uhng nghuhm-ree in Wales Special note: yn becomes yng before ng and ngh ym Mangor (from yn + Cymru) uhm Mang-gor in Bangor Special note: yn becomes ym before m Special note: The phrase in Welsh is yn Gymraeg (uhn guhm-ra-ig) and not "yng Nghymraeg" as it derives from the phrase yn y Gymraeg. The Definite Article: The The definite article is yr before a vowel or a word beginnning with h-. Before a consonant, yr becomes y. After a vowel, both yr and y change to 'r. For example: y ci uh kee the dog y cŵn uh koon the dogs y cymydog uh cuh-muh-dog the neighbor y cymdogion uh cuhm-do-gyon the neighbors y gair uh gair the word y geiriau uh guh-ir-yeh the words yr oen uhr oyn the lamb yr ŵyn uhr oo-in the lambs yr hwrdd uhr hoordh the ram yr hyrddod uhr huhr-dhod the rams Mae'r ci yn dda. (from mae + y) Mai'r kee uhn dha. The dog is good. yr arian uhr ar-yan the money Mae'r arian yn 'y mhoced. (from mae + yr) Mai'r ar-yan uhn uh mho-ked. The money is in my pocket. The definite article causes singular feminine nouns to take the soft mutation. Feminine nouns that begin with b, c, d, g, m, p and t undergo soft mutation. Examples of the soft mutation are: brân to frân (crow), cath to gath (cat), draig to ddraig (dragon), gafr to afr (goat), potel to botel (bottle) and torf to dorf (crowd). Special note: Nouns that begin with ll and rh are not mutated by the definite article. For example: y gyllell (from y + cyllell) uh guh-lhelh the knife y cyllyll uh kuh-lhilh the knives y ddiod (from y + diod) uh dee-od the drink y diodydd uh di-o-didh the drinks yr orsaf (from y + gorsaf) uhr or-sav the station y gorsafoedd uh gor-sa-voydh the stations yr hwyaden uhr hoo-i-ya-den the duck yr hwyaid uhr hoo-yed the ducks yr oergell uhr oyr-gelh the fridge yr oergelloedd uhr oyr-ge-lhoydh the fridges y llwy uh lhoo-ee the spoon y llwyau uh lhoo-yeh the spoons y rhos uh rhos the moor y rhosydd uh rho-sidh the moors Special note: The word gêm is feminine but does not mutate after the definite article, y gêm. The Possessive Pronouns fy or 'y (my) causes the nasal mutation. The letters b, c, d, g, p and t are affected by the nasal mutation. Examples of nasal mutation are: blodyn to mlodyn (flower), ci to nghi (dog), dillad to nillad (clothes), gardd to ngardd (garden), plant to mhlant (children) and tŷ to nhŷ (house). dy (your) and ei (his) cause the soft mutation. The letters b, c, d, g, ll, m, p, rh and t are affected by the soft mutation. Examples of soft mutation are: ci to gi (dog), plant to blant (children), tŷ to dŷ (house), gardd to ardd (garden), blodyn to flodyn (flower), dillad to ddillad (clothes), llyfr to lyfr (book), mam to fam (mother) and rhieni to rieni (parents). ei (her) causes the aspirate mutation, and also adds an h- before a vowel. The letters c, p and t are affected by the aspirate mutation. Examples of aspirate mutation are: ci to chi (dog), plant to phlant (children) and tŷ to thŷ (house). For example: fy nhad i or 'y nhad i vuh nhad ee my father dy dad di duh dad dee your father ei dad e ee dad eh his father ei nhad hi ee nhad hee her father ei harian hi ee har-yan hee her money Ein (our) and eich (you plural) and eu (their) do not cause any mutation in the following noun. However, ein (our) and eu (their) do add an h- before a vowel in the same way as ei (her). For example: ein tad ni uhn tad nee our father ein harian ni uhn har-yan nee our money eich tad chi uhkh tad khee your (plural) father eu tad nhw ee tad noo their father eu harian nhw ee har-yan noo their money The Preposition ar The preposition ar, which means on, changes form when used together with pronouns. This preposition is used to express temporary physical and mental states such as eisiau bwyd (hunger), syched (thirst) and ofn (fear). arna i ar-na ee on me arnat ti ar-nat tee on you arno fo ar-no vo on him arna i ar-ni hee on her arnon ni ar-non nee on us arnoch chi ar-nokh khee on you (plural) arnyn nhw ar-nin noo on them For example: Mae eisiau bwyd arni hi. Mai i-sheh boo-id ar-nee hee. She is hungry. (Literally: There is hunger on her.) Mae syched arnon ni. Mai suh-khed ar-non nee. We are thirsty. (Literally: There is thirst on us.) Mae ofn arna i. Mai o-von ar-na ee. I am afraid. (Literally: There is fear on me.) Identification Sentences (Nid) X dw i. (Nid) X doo ee. I am (not) X. (Nid) X wyt ti. (Nid) X oo-it tee. You are (not) X. (Nid) X yw/ydy e. (Nid) X i-oo/uh-dee eh. He is not X. (Nid) X yw/ydy hi. (Nid) X i-oo/uh-dee hee. She is (not) X. (Nid) X dyn ni. (Nid) X din nee. We are (not) X. (Nid) X dych chi. (Nid) X dikh khee. You (plural) are (not) X. (Nid) X dyn nhw. (Nid) X din noo. They are (not) X. Special note: Questions which do not begin with a verb are answered using: Ie. Ee-eh. Yes. Nage. Na-geh. No. The Present Tense Affirmative Statements Dw i’n X. Doo in uhn X. I am X. Rwyt ti’n X. Roo-it tin X. You are X. Mae e’n/hi’n X. Mai en/hin X. He/she is X. Dyn ni’n X. Din nin X. We are X. Dych chi’n X. Dikh khin X. You (plural) are X. Maen nhw’n X. Main noon X. They are X. Special note: When the subject is a definite plural noun or a collective noun, always use the singular form of the verb: Mae’r blodyn yn X. Mai’r blo-din uhn X. The flowers are X. Mae’r morgrug yn X. Mai’r mor-grig uhn X. The ants are X. Negative Statements Dw i ddim yn X. Doo i dhim uhn X. I am not X. Dwyt ti ddim yn X. Doo-it tee dhim uhn X. You are not X. Dyw e/hi ddim yn X. Dih-oo eh/hee dhim uhn X. He/she is not X. Dyn ni ddim yn X. Din nee dhim uhn X. We are not X. Dych chi ddim yn X. Dikh khee dhim uhn X. You (plural) are not X. Dyn nhw ddim yn X. Din noo dhim uhn X. They are not X. Special note: When the subject is a definite plural noun or a collective noun, always use the singular form of the verb: Dyw’r blodyn ddim yn X. Dih-oo’r blo-din dhim uhn X. The flowers are not X. Dyw’r morgrug ddim yn X. Dih-oo’r mor-grig dhim uhn X. The ants are not X. Questions and Answers Ydw i’n X? Uh-doo in X? Am I X? Wyt ti’n X? Oo-it tin X? Are you X? Ydy e’n/hi’n X? Uh-dee en/hin X? Is he/she X? Ydyn ni’n X? Uh-din nin X? Are we X? Ydych chi’n X? Uh-dikh khin X? Are you (plural) X? Ydyn nhw’n X? Uh-din noon X? Are they X? Special note: Questions are answered using by repeating the verb for yes or nac + the verb for no. Ydy hi’n X? Ydy. Nac ydy. Uh-dee hin X? Uh-dee. Nag uh-dee. Is she X? Yes. No. Sometimes nac is written colloquially as nag. Special note: When the subject is an indefinite noun, use the verb oes instead of mae: Oes arian? Oys ar-yan? Is there (any) money? Oes blodyn yn X? Oys blo-din uhn X? Are (any) flowers X? Oes morgrug yn X? Oys mor-grig uhn X? Are (any) ants X? Oes, oes X. Oys, oys X. Yes, there is/are X. Nac oes, does dim X. Nag oys, doys dim X. No, there isn’t/aren’t (any) X. No, there is/are no X. The Perfect Tense When you want to express the past perfect tense, start with the present tense and replace yn with wedi: Ydw i wedi bwyta? Uh-doo ee weh-di boo-i-ta? Have I eaten? Ydw, dw i wedi bwyta. Uh-doo, doo ee weh-di boo-i-ta. Yes, I have eaten. Nac ydw, dw i ddim wedi bwyta. Nag uh-doo, doo ee dhim weh-di boo-i-ta. No, I haven’t eaten. The Simple Past Tense Affirmative Statements Prynais i X. Pruh-nes ee X. I bought X. Prynaist ti X. Pruh-nest tee X. You bought X. Prynodd e/hi X. Pruh-nodh eh/hee X. He/she bought X. Prynon ni X. Pruh-non nee X. We bought X. Prynoch chi X. Pruh-nokh khee X. You (plural) bought X. Prynon nhw X. Pruh-non noo X. They bought X. Special note: In colloquial writing, the verb ending -ais and -aist may be written -es and -est. Special note: In colloquial speech, the verb often takes the soft mutation. The affirmative particle fe (South Wales) or mi (North Wales and parts of South Wales) may also appear before the verb: brynes i, brynest ti, brynodd e/hi, brynon ni, brynoch chi, brynon nhw. or fe brynes i, fe brynest ti, fe brynodd e/hi, fe brynon ni, fe brynoch chi, fe brynon nhw. or mi brynes i, mi brynest ti, mi brynodd e/hi, mi brynon ni, mi brynoch chi, mi brynon nhw. For example: Brynodd e X. Bruh-nodh eh X. Fe brynodd e X. Veh bruh-nodh eh X. Mi brynodd o X. Mee bruh-nodh o X. He bought X. Special note: The verb bod (to be) has special forms in the simple past: bues i, buest ti, buodd e/hi, buon ni, buoch chi, buon nhw. For example: Fuest ti yn y parti ddoe? Vee-est tee uhn uh par-tee dhoy? Were you at the party yesterday? Do, bues i yn y parti ddoe. Do, bee-es ee uhn uh par-tee dhoy. Yes, I was at the party yesterday. Naddo, fues i ddim yn y parti ddoe. Na-dho, vee-es ee dhim uhn uh par-tee dhoy. No, I wasn't at the party yesterday. Negative Statements Special note: The verb takes the aspirate mutation. If it cannot, it takes the soft mutation. Phrynais i ddim X. Fruh-nes ee dhim X. I didn’t buy (any) X. Phrynaist ti ddim X. Fruh-nest tee dhim X. You didn’t buy (any) X. Phrynodd e/hi ddim X. Fruh-nodh eh/hee dhim X. He/she didn’t buy (any) X. Phrynon ni ddim X. Fruh-non nee dhim X. We didn’t buy (any) X. Phrynoch chi ddim X. Fruh-nokh khee dhim X. You (plural) didn’t buy (any) X. Phrynon nhw ddim X. Fruh-non noo dhim X. They didn’t buy (any) X. Special note: Note the use of mo (from ddim o) with definite nouns. Phrynais i mo’r X. Fruh-nes ee mo’r X. I didn’t buy the X. Phrynon ni mo’r X. Fruh-non nee mo’r X. We didn’t buy the X. Special note: In colloquial writing, the verb ending -ais and -aist may be written -es and -est. Questions and Answers Special note: Simply turn the affirmative statement into a question by having the verb take the soft mutation. Yes and no are always do and naddo with the simple past tense. Prynaist ti X. Pruh-nest tee X. You bought X. Brynaist ti X? Bruh-nest tee X? Did you buy X? Do, prynais i X. Do, pruh-nes ee X. Yes, I bought X. Naddo, phrynais i ddim X. Na-dho, fruh-nes ee X. No, I didn’t buy (any) X. Naddo, phrynais i mo’r X. Na-dho, fruh-nes ee mo’r X. No, I didn’t buy the X. Special note: In colloquial writing, the verb ending -ais and -aist may be written -es and -est. The Past Continuous Tense Affirmative Statements Roeddwn i’n X. Roy-dhoon in X. I was X. Roeddet ti’n X. Roy-dhet tin X. You were X. Roedd e’n/hi’n X. Roydh en/hin X. He/she was X. Roedden ni’n X. Roy-dhen nin X. We were X. Roeddech ch’n X. Roy-dhekh khin X. You (plural) were X. Roedden nhw’n X. Roy-dhen noon X. They were X. Special note: In colloquial speech, the forms are often shortened: ro’n i, ro’t ti, roedd e/hi, ro’n ni, ro’ch chi, ro’n nhw. Special note: When the subject is a definite plural noun or a collective noun, always use the singular form of the verb: Roedd y blodyn yn X. Roydh uh blo-din uhn X. The flowers were X. Roedd y morgrug yn X. Roydh uh mor-grig uhn X. The ants were X. Negative Statements Doeddwn i ddim yn X. Doy-dhoon i dhim uhn X. I wasn’t X. Doeddet ti ddim yn X. Doy-dhet tee dhim uhn X. You weren’t X. Doedd e/hi ddim yn X. Doydh e/hi dhim uhn X. He/she wasn’t X. Doedden ni ddim yn X. Doy-dhen ni dhim uhn X. We weren’t X. Doeddech chi ddim yn X. Doy-dhekh khi dhim uhn X. You (plural) weren’t X. Doedden nhw ddim yn X. Doy-dhen noo dhim uhn X. They weren’t X. Special note: In colloquial speech, the forms are often shortened: do’n i ddim, do’t ti ddim, doedd e/hi ddim, ro’n ni ddim, do’ch chi ddim, do’n nhw ddim. Questions and Answers Oeddwn i’n X? Oy-dhoon in X? Was I X? Oeddet ti’n X? Oy-dhet tin X? Were you X? Oedd e’n/hi’n X? Oydh en/hin X? Was he/she X? Oedden ni’n X? Oy-dhen nin X? Were we X? Oedden chi’n X? Oy-dhekh khin X? Were you (plural) X? Oedden nhw’n X? Oy-dhen noon X? Were they X? Special note: In colloquial speech, the forms are often shortened: o’n i? o’t ti? oedd e/hi? o’n ni? o’ch chi? o’n nhw? Special note: Questions are answered using by repeating the verb for yes or nac + the verb for no. Oedd hi’n X? Oedd. Nac oedd. Oydh hin X? Oydh. Nag oydh. Was she X? Yes. No. Sometimes nac is written colloquially as nag . The Future Continuous Tense Affirmative Statements Bydda i’n X. Buh-dha in X. I will be X. Byddi di’n X. Buh-dhee din X. You will be X. Bydd e’n/hi’n X. Bidh en/hin X. He/she will be X. Byddwn ni’n X. Buh-dhoon nin X. We will be X. Byddwch chi’n X. Buh-dhookh khin X. You (plural) will be X. Byddan nhw’n X. Buh-dhan noon X. They will be X. Special note: When the subject is a definite plural noun or a collective noun, always use the singular form of the verb: Bydd y blodyn yn X. Bidh uh blo-din uhn X. The flowers will be X. Bydd y morgrug yn X. Bidh uh mor-grig uhn X. The ants will be X. Special note: In colloquial speech, the affirmative particles fe (South Wales) or mi (North Wales and some parts of South Wales) may precede the verb which then takes the soft mutation: fe fydda i, fe fyddi di, fe fydd e/hi, fe fyddwn ni, fe fyddwch chi, fe fyddan nhw. or mi fydda i, mi fyddi di, mi fydd o/hi, mi fyddwn ni, mi fyddwch chi, mi fyddan nhw. For example: Fe fydd e'n X. Ve vidh en X. Mi fydd o'n X. Mee vidh on X. He will be X. Negative Statements Fydda i ddim yn X. Vuh-dha i dhim uhn X. I won’t be X. Fyddi di ddim yn X. Vuh-dhee dee dhim uhn X. You won’t be X. Fydd e/hi ddim yn X. Vidh e/hi dhim uhn X. He/she won’t be X. Fyddwn ni ddim yn X. Vuh-dhon ni dhim uhn X. We won’t be X. Fyddwch chi ddim yn X. Vuh-dhookh khi dhim uhn X. You (plural) won’t be X. Fyddan nhw ddim yn X. Vuh-dhan noo dhim uhn X. They won’t be X. Questions and Answers Fydda i’n X? Vuh-dha in X? Will I be X? Fyddi di’n X? Vuh-dhee din X? Will you be X? Fydd e’n/hi’n X? Vidh en/hin X? Will he/she be X? Fyddwn ni’n X? Vuh-dhoon nin X? Will we be X? Fyddwch chi’n X? Vuh-dhookh khin X? Will you (plural) be X? Fyddan nhw’n X? Vuh-dhan noon X? Will they be X? Special note: Questions are answered using by repeating the verb for yes or na + the verb for no. Fydd hi’n X? Bydd. Na fydd. Vidh hin X? Bidh. Na vidh. Will she be X? Yes. No. The Simple Future Tense Affirmative Statements Pryna i X. Pruh-na ee X. I will buy X. Pryni di X. Pruh-nee dee X. You will buy X. Prynith e/hi X. Pruh-nith eh/hee X. He/she will buy X. Prynwn ni X. Pruh-noon nee X. We will buy X. Prynwch chi X. Pruh-nookh khee X. You (plural) will buy X. Prynan nhw X. Pruh-nan noo X. They will buy X. Special note: In colloquial speech, the affirmative particles fe (South Wales) or mi (North Wales and some parts of South Wales) may precede the verb which then takes the soft mutation. The simple future ending -ith often changes to -iff in South Wales: fe bryna i, fe bryni di, fe brynith/bryniff e/hi, fe brynwn ni, fe brynwch chi, fe brynan nhw. or mi bryna i, mi bryni di, mi brynith o/hi, mi brynwn ni, mi brynwch chi, mi brynan nhw. For example: Fe brynith e'n X. Ve bruh-nith en X. Fe bryniff e'n X. Ve bruh-nif en X. Mi brynith o'n X. Mee bruh-nith on X. He will buy X. Negative Statements Special note: The verb takes the aspirate mutation. If it cannot, it takes the soft mutation. Phryna i ddim X. Fruh-na ee dhim X. I won’t buy (any) X. Phryni di ddim X. Fruh-nee dee dhim X. You won’t buy (any) X. Phrynith e/hi ddim X. Fruh-nith eh/hee dhim X. He/she won’t buy (any) X. Phrynwn ni ddim X. Fruh-noon nee dhim X. We won’t buy (any) X. Phrynwch chi ddim X. Fruh-nookh khee dhim X. You (plural) won’t buy (any) X. Phrynan nhw ddim X. Fruh-nan noo dhim X. They won’t buy (any) X. Special note: Note the use of mo (from ddim o) with definite nouns. Phryna i mo’r X. Fruh-na ee mo’r X. I won’t buy the X. Phrynwn ni mo’r X. Fruh-noon nee mo’r X. We won’t buy the X. Questions and Answers Special note: Simply turn the affirmative statement into a question by having the verb take the soft mutation. Questions are answered using by repeating the verb for yes or na + the verb for no. Pryni di X. Pruh-nee dee X. You will buy X. Bryni di X? Bruh-nee dee X? Will you buy X? Pryna, pryna i X. Fruh-na, pruh-na ee X. Yes, I will buy X. Na phryna, phryna i ddim X. Na fruh-na, fruh-na ee dhim X. No, I won’t buy (any) X. Na phryna, phryna i mo’r X. Na fruh-na, fruh-na ee mo’r X. No, I won’t buy the X. Differences between South Wales and North Wales Pronouns The word for he is e in South Wales (SW) and o in North Wales (NW). SW: Mae e’n yn X. Mai en uhn X. NW: Mae o’n yn X. Mai on uhn X. He is X. To Have To express the verb to have South Wales uses gyda or 'da, whilst North Wales uses a form of gan which may be inflected. Both words mean with but are placed differently in the sentence. For example: SW: Mae ci 'da fi. Mai kee da vee. NW: Mae gen i gi. Mai gen ee gee. I have a dog. The inflected form of gan has many forms. The following is a colloquial variant: gen i or gyn i, gen ti or gyn ti, gynno fo, gynno hi, gynnon ni, gynnoch chi, gynnyn nhw. You may also see written or hear: gen i, gen ti, ganddo fe/fo, ganddo hi, gennyn ni, gennych chi, ganddyn nhw. Verbs In colloquial speech, the affirmative particles fe (South Wales) or mi (North Wales and some parts of South Wales) may precede the verb in the simple past and simple future tenses. Fe or mi causes the verb to take the soft mutation: For example: SW: Fe brynodd e X. Veh bruh-nodh eh X. NW: Mi brynodd o X. Mee bruh-nodh o X. He bought X. In addition, the simple future ending -ith often changes to -iff in South Wales: For example: SW: Fe brynith e'n X. Ve bruh-nith en X. SW: Fe bryniff e'n X. Ve bruh-nif en X. NW: Mi brynith o'n X. Mee bruh-nith on X. He will buy X. Vocabulary away SW: bant bant NW: i ffwrdd ee foordh can, be able to SW: gallu ga-lhee NW: medru meh-dree come SW: dod dod NW: dŵad doo-ad come! SW: dere! deh-reh! NW: tyrd! teerd! a cuppa SW: dishgled dish-gled NW: panad pa-nad dirty SW: brwnt broont NW: budr bi-dir fall SW: cwympo koo-im-po NW: syrthio suhr-thyo fox SW: cadno kad-no NW: llwynog lhoo-ee-nog go! SW: cer! ker! NW: dos! dos! girl SW: merch merkh NW: geneth ge-neth grandfather SW: tad-cu tad-kee NW: taid taid grandmother SW: mam-gu mam-gee NW: nain nain he SW: e/fe eh/veh NW: o/fo o/vo hello! SW: siwmae! or shwmae! shoo mai! NW: sut mae! or s'mae! sit mai! or smai! I wonder ... SW: tybed tuh-bed NW: 'sgwn i skoon ee key SW: allwedd alh-wedh NW: agoriad a-go-ryad milk SW: llaeth lhaith NW: llefrith lheh-vrith money SW: arian ar-yan NW: pres pres now SW: nawr na-oor NW: rŵan roo-an out SW: mas mas NW: allan a-lhan table SW: bwrdd boordh NW: bord bord that (reported speech) SW: taw ta-oo NW: mai or na mai or na up SW: lan lan NW: y fyny uh vuh-nee want SW: moyn or eisiau moyn or i-sheh NW: eisiau i-sho with SW: gyda guh-da NW: efo eh-vo woman SW: menyw meh-nyoo NW: dynes duh-nes you SW: ti tee NW: chdi khtee